action_helpers.c

#include <Python.h>

#include "pegen.h"
#include "string_parser.h"

static PyObject *
_create_dummy_identifier(Parser *p)
{
    return _PyPegen_new_identifier(p, "");
}

void *
_PyPegen_dummy_name(Parser *p, ...)
{
    static void *cache = NULL;

    if (cache != NULL) {
        return cache;
    }

    PyObject *id = _create_dummy_identifier(p);
    if (!id) {
        return NULL;
    }
    cache = _PyAST_Name(id, Load, 1, 0, 1, 0, p->arena);
    return cache;
}

/* Creates a single-element asdl_seq* that contains a */
asdl_seq *
_PyPegen_singleton_seq(Parser *p, void *a)
{
    assert(a != NULL);
    asdl_seq *seq = (asdl_seq*)_Py_asdl_generic_seq_new(1, p->arena);
    if (!seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(seq, 0, a);
    return seq;
}

/* Creates a copy of seq and prepends a to it */
asdl_seq *
_PyPegen_seq_insert_in_front(Parser *p, void *a, asdl_seq *seq)
{
    assert(a != NULL);
    if (!seq) {
        return _PyPegen_singleton_seq(p, a);
    }

    asdl_seq *new_seq = (asdl_seq*)_Py_asdl_generic_seq_new(asdl_seq_LEN(seq) + 1, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }

    asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(new_seq, 0, a);
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 1, l = asdl_seq_LEN(new_seq); i < l; i++) {
        asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(new_seq, i, asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i - 1));
    }
    return new_seq;
}

/* Creates a copy of seq and appends a to it */
asdl_seq *
_PyPegen_seq_append_to_end(Parser *p, asdl_seq *seq, void *a)
{
    assert(a != NULL);
    if (!seq) {
        return _PyPegen_singleton_seq(p, a);
    }

    asdl_seq *new_seq = (asdl_seq*)_Py_asdl_generic_seq_new(asdl_seq_LEN(seq) + 1, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }

    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0, l = asdl_seq_LEN(new_seq); i + 1 < l; i++) {
        asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(new_seq, i, asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i));
    }
    asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(new_seq, asdl_seq_LEN(new_seq) - 1, a);
    return new_seq;
}

static Py_ssize_t
_get_flattened_seq_size(asdl_seq *seqs)
{
    Py_ssize_t size = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0, l = asdl_seq_LEN(seqs); i < l; i++) {
        asdl_seq *inner_seq = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seqs, i);
        size += asdl_seq_LEN(inner_seq);
    }
    return size;
}

/* Flattens an asdl_seq* of asdl_seq*s */
asdl_seq *
_PyPegen_seq_flatten(Parser *p, asdl_seq *seqs)
{
    Py_ssize_t flattened_seq_size = _get_flattened_seq_size(seqs);
    assert(flattened_seq_size > 0);

    asdl_seq *flattened_seq = (asdl_seq*)_Py_asdl_generic_seq_new(flattened_seq_size, p->arena);
    if (!flattened_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }

    int flattened_seq_idx = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0, l = asdl_seq_LEN(seqs); i < l; i++) {
        asdl_seq *inner_seq = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seqs, i);
        for (Py_ssize_t j = 0, li = asdl_seq_LEN(inner_seq); j < li; j++) {
            asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(flattened_seq, flattened_seq_idx++, asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(inner_seq, j));
        }
    }
    assert(flattened_seq_idx == flattened_seq_size);

    return flattened_seq;
}

void *
_PyPegen_seq_last_item(asdl_seq *seq)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    return asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, len - 1);
}

void *
_PyPegen_seq_first_item(asdl_seq *seq)
{
    return asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, 0);
}

/* Creates a new name of the form <first_name>.<second_name> */
expr_ty
_PyPegen_join_names_with_dot(Parser *p, expr_ty first_name, expr_ty second_name)
{
    assert(first_name != NULL && second_name != NULL);
    PyObject *first_identifier = first_name->v.Name.id;
    PyObject *second_identifier = second_name->v.Name.id;

    if (PyUnicode_READY(first_identifier) == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_READY(second_identifier) == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }
    const char *first_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(first_identifier);
    if (!first_str) {
        return NULL;
    }
    const char *second_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(second_identifier);
    if (!second_str) {
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_ssize_t len = strlen(first_str) + strlen(second_str) + 1;  // +1 for the dot

    PyObject *str = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
    if (!str) {
        return NULL;
    }

    char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(str);
    if (!s) {
        return NULL;
    }

    strcpy(s, first_str);
    s += strlen(first_str);
    *s++ = '.';
    strcpy(s, second_str);
    s += strlen(second_str);
    *s = '\0';

    PyObject *uni = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(PyBytes_AS_STRING(str), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(str), NULL);
    Py_DECREF(str);
    if (!uni) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyUnicode_InternInPlace(&uni);
    if (_PyArena_AddPyObject(p->arena, uni) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(uni);
        return NULL;
    }

    return _PyAST_Name(uni, Load, EXTRA_EXPR(first_name, second_name));
}

/* Counts the total number of dots in seq's tokens */
int
_PyPegen_seq_count_dots(asdl_seq *seq)
{
    int number_of_dots = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0, l = asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i < l; i++) {
        Token *current_expr = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i);
        switch (current_expr->type) {
            case ELLIPSIS:
                number_of_dots += 3;
                break;
            case DOT:
                number_of_dots += 1;
                break;
            default:
                Py_UNREACHABLE();
        }
    }

    return number_of_dots;
}

/* Creates an alias with '*' as the identifier name */
alias_ty
_PyPegen_alias_for_star(Parser *p, int lineno, int col_offset, int end_lineno,
                        int end_col_offset, PyArena *arena) {
    PyObject *str = PyUnicode_InternFromString("*");
    if (!str) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyArena_AddPyObject(p->arena, str) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(str);
        return NULL;
    }
    return _PyAST_alias(str, NULL, lineno, col_offset, end_lineno, end_col_offset, arena);
}

/* Creates a new asdl_seq* with the identifiers of all the names in seq */
asdl_identifier_seq *
_PyPegen_map_names_to_ids(Parser *p, asdl_expr_seq *seq)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    assert(len > 0);

    asdl_identifier_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_identifier_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        expr_ty e = asdl_seq_GET(seq, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, i, e->v.Name.id);
    }
    return new_seq;
}

/* Constructs a CmpopExprPair */
CmpopExprPair *
_PyPegen_cmpop_expr_pair(Parser *p, cmpop_ty cmpop, expr_ty expr)
{
    assert(expr != NULL);
    CmpopExprPair *a = _PyArena_Malloc(p->arena, sizeof(CmpopExprPair));
    if (!a) {
        return NULL;
    }
    a->cmpop = cmpop;
    a->expr = expr;
    return a;
}

asdl_int_seq *
_PyPegen_get_cmpops(Parser *p, asdl_seq *seq)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    assert(len > 0);

    asdl_int_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_int_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        CmpopExprPair *pair = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, i, pair->cmpop);
    }
    return new_seq;
}

asdl_expr_seq *
_PyPegen_get_exprs(Parser *p, asdl_seq *seq)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    assert(len > 0);

    asdl_expr_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        CmpopExprPair *pair = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, i, pair->expr);
    }
    return new_seq;
}

/* Creates an asdl_seq* where all the elements have been changed to have ctx as context */
static asdl_expr_seq *
_set_seq_context(Parser *p, asdl_expr_seq *seq, expr_context_ty ctx)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    if (len == 0) {
        return NULL;
    }

    asdl_expr_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        expr_ty e = asdl_seq_GET(seq, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, i, _PyPegen_set_expr_context(p, e, ctx));
    }
    return new_seq;
}

static expr_ty
_set_name_context(Parser *p, expr_ty e, expr_context_ty ctx)
{
    return _PyAST_Name(e->v.Name.id, ctx, EXTRA_EXPR(e, e));
}

static expr_ty
_set_tuple_context(Parser *p, expr_ty e, expr_context_ty ctx)
{
    return _PyAST_Tuple(
            _set_seq_context(p, e->v.Tuple.elts, ctx),
            ctx,
            EXTRA_EXPR(e, e));
}

static expr_ty
_set_list_context(Parser *p, expr_ty e, expr_context_ty ctx)
{
    return _PyAST_List(
            _set_seq_context(p, e->v.List.elts, ctx),
            ctx,
            EXTRA_EXPR(e, e));
}

static expr_ty
_set_subscript_context(Parser *p, expr_ty e, expr_context_ty ctx)
{
    return _PyAST_Subscript(e->v.Subscript.value, e->v.Subscript.slice,
                            ctx, EXTRA_EXPR(e, e));
}

static expr_ty
_set_attribute_context(Parser *p, expr_ty e, expr_context_ty ctx)
{
    return _PyAST_Attribute(e->v.Attribute.value, e->v.Attribute.attr,
                            ctx, EXTRA_EXPR(e, e));
}

static expr_ty
_set_starred_context(Parser *p, expr_ty e, expr_context_ty ctx)
{
    return _PyAST_Starred(_PyPegen_set_expr_context(p, e->v.Starred.value, ctx),
                          ctx, EXTRA_EXPR(e, e));
}

/* Creates an `expr_ty` equivalent to `expr` but with `ctx` as context */
expr_ty
_PyPegen_set_expr_context(Parser *p, expr_ty expr, expr_context_ty ctx)
{
    assert(expr != NULL);

    expr_ty new = NULL;
    switch (expr->kind) {
        case Name_kind:
            new = _set_name_context(p, expr, ctx);
            break;
        case Tuple_kind:
            new = _set_tuple_context(p, expr, ctx);
            break;
        case List_kind:
            new = _set_list_context(p, expr, ctx);
            break;
        case Subscript_kind:
            new = _set_subscript_context(p, expr, ctx);
            break;
        case Attribute_kind:
            new = _set_attribute_context(p, expr, ctx);
            break;
        case Starred_kind:
            new = _set_starred_context(p, expr, ctx);
            break;
        default:
            new = expr;
    }
    return new;
}

/* Constructs a KeyValuePair that is used when parsing a dict's key value pairs */
KeyValuePair *
_PyPegen_key_value_pair(Parser *p, expr_ty key, expr_ty value)
{
    KeyValuePair *a = _PyArena_Malloc(p->arena, sizeof(KeyValuePair));
    if (!a) {
        return NULL;
    }
    a->key = key;
    a->value = value;
    return a;
}

/* Extracts all keys from an asdl_seq* of KeyValuePair*'s */
asdl_expr_seq *
_PyPegen_get_keys(Parser *p, asdl_seq *seq)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    asdl_expr_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        KeyValuePair *pair = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, i, pair->key);
    }
    return new_seq;
}

/* Extracts all values from an asdl_seq* of KeyValuePair*'s */
asdl_expr_seq *
_PyPegen_get_values(Parser *p, asdl_seq *seq)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    asdl_expr_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        KeyValuePair *pair = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, i, pair->value);
    }
    return new_seq;
}

/* Constructs a KeyPatternPair that is used when parsing mapping & class patterns */
KeyPatternPair *
_PyPegen_key_pattern_pair(Parser *p, expr_ty key, pattern_ty pattern)
{
    KeyPatternPair *a = _PyArena_Malloc(p->arena, sizeof(KeyPatternPair));
    if (!a) {
        return NULL;
    }
    a->key = key;
    a->pattern = pattern;
    return a;
}

/* Extracts all keys from an asdl_seq* of KeyPatternPair*'s */
asdl_expr_seq *
_PyPegen_get_pattern_keys(Parser *p, asdl_seq *seq)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    asdl_expr_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        KeyPatternPair *pair = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, i, pair->key);
    }
    return new_seq;
}

/* Extracts all patterns from an asdl_seq* of KeyPatternPair*'s */
asdl_pattern_seq *
_PyPegen_get_patterns(Parser *p, asdl_seq *seq)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(seq);
    asdl_pattern_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_pattern_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        KeyPatternPair *pair = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, i, pair->pattern);
    }
    return new_seq;
}

/* Constructs a NameDefaultPair */
NameDefaultPair *
_PyPegen_name_default_pair(Parser *p, arg_ty arg, expr_ty value, Token *tc)
{
    NameDefaultPair *a = _PyArena_Malloc(p->arena, sizeof(NameDefaultPair));
    if (!a) {
        return NULL;
    }
    a->arg = _PyPegen_add_type_comment_to_arg(p, arg, tc);
    a->value = value;
    return a;
}

/* Constructs a SlashWithDefault */
SlashWithDefault *
_PyPegen_slash_with_default(Parser *p, asdl_arg_seq *plain_names, asdl_seq *names_with_defaults)
{
    SlashWithDefault *a = _PyArena_Malloc(p->arena, sizeof(SlashWithDefault));
    if (!a) {
        return NULL;
    }
    a->plain_names = plain_names;
    a->names_with_defaults = names_with_defaults;
    return a;
}

/* Constructs a StarEtc */
StarEtc *
_PyPegen_star_etc(Parser *p, arg_ty vararg, asdl_seq *kwonlyargs, arg_ty kwarg)
{
    StarEtc *a = _PyArena_Malloc(p->arena, sizeof(StarEtc));
    if (!a) {
        return NULL;
    }
    a->vararg = vararg;
    a->kwonlyargs = kwonlyargs;
    a->kwarg = kwarg;
    return a;
}

asdl_seq *
_PyPegen_join_sequences(Parser *p, asdl_seq *a, asdl_seq *b)
{
    Py_ssize_t first_len = asdl_seq_LEN(a);
    Py_ssize_t second_len = asdl_seq_LEN(b);
    asdl_seq *new_seq = (asdl_seq*)_Py_asdl_generic_seq_new(first_len + second_len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }

    int k = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < first_len; i++) {
        asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(new_seq, k++, asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(a, i));
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < second_len; i++) {
        asdl_seq_SET_UNTYPED(new_seq, k++, asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(b, i));
    }

    return new_seq;
}

static asdl_arg_seq*
_get_names(Parser *p, asdl_seq *names_with_defaults)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(names_with_defaults);
    asdl_arg_seq *seq = _Py_asdl_arg_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        NameDefaultPair *pair = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(names_with_defaults, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(seq, i, pair->arg);
    }
    return seq;
}

static asdl_expr_seq *
_get_defaults(Parser *p, asdl_seq *names_with_defaults)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(names_with_defaults);
    asdl_expr_seq *seq = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(len, p->arena);
    if (!seq) {
        return NULL;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        NameDefaultPair *pair = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(names_with_defaults, i);
        asdl_seq_SET(seq, i, pair->value);
    }
    return seq;
}

static int
_make_posonlyargs(Parser *p,
                  asdl_arg_seq *slash_without_default,
                  SlashWithDefault *slash_with_default,
                  asdl_arg_seq **posonlyargs) {
    if (slash_without_default != NULL) {
        *posonlyargs = slash_without_default;
    }
    else if (slash_with_default != NULL) {
        asdl_arg_seq *slash_with_default_names =
                _get_names(p, slash_with_default->names_with_defaults);
        if (!slash_with_default_names) {
            return -1;
        }
        *posonlyargs = (asdl_arg_seq*)_PyPegen_join_sequences(
                p,
                (asdl_seq*)slash_with_default->plain_names,
                (asdl_seq*)slash_with_default_names);
    }
    else {
        *posonlyargs = _Py_asdl_arg_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    }
    return *posonlyargs == NULL ? -1 : 0;
}

static int
_make_posargs(Parser *p,
              asdl_arg_seq *plain_names,
              asdl_seq *names_with_default,
              asdl_arg_seq **posargs) {
    if (plain_names != NULL && names_with_default != NULL) {
        asdl_arg_seq *names_with_default_names = _get_names(p, names_with_default);
        if (!names_with_default_names) {
            return -1;
        }
        *posargs = (asdl_arg_seq*)_PyPegen_join_sequences(
                p,(asdl_seq*)plain_names, (asdl_seq*)names_with_default_names);
    }
    else if (plain_names == NULL && names_with_default != NULL) {
        *posargs = _get_names(p, names_with_default);
    }
    else if (plain_names != NULL && names_with_default == NULL) {
        *posargs = plain_names;
    }
    else {
        *posargs = _Py_asdl_arg_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    }
    return *posargs == NULL ? -1 : 0;
}

static int
_make_posdefaults(Parser *p,
                  SlashWithDefault *slash_with_default,
                  asdl_seq *names_with_default,
                  asdl_expr_seq **posdefaults) {
    if (slash_with_default != NULL && names_with_default != NULL) {
        asdl_expr_seq *slash_with_default_values =
                _get_defaults(p, slash_with_default->names_with_defaults);
        if (!slash_with_default_values) {
            return -1;
        }
        asdl_expr_seq *names_with_default_values = _get_defaults(p, names_with_default);
        if (!names_with_default_values) {
            return -1;
        }
        *posdefaults = (asdl_expr_seq*)_PyPegen_join_sequences(
                p,
                (asdl_seq*)slash_with_default_values,
                (asdl_seq*)names_with_default_values);
    }
    else if (slash_with_default == NULL && names_with_default != NULL) {
        *posdefaults = _get_defaults(p, names_with_default);
    }
    else if (slash_with_default != NULL && names_with_default == NULL) {
        *posdefaults = _get_defaults(p, slash_with_default->names_with_defaults);
    }
    else {
        *posdefaults = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    }
    return *posdefaults == NULL ? -1 : 0;
}

static int
_make_kwargs(Parser *p, StarEtc *star_etc,
             asdl_arg_seq **kwonlyargs,
             asdl_expr_seq **kwdefaults) {
    if (star_etc != NULL && star_etc->kwonlyargs != NULL) {
        *kwonlyargs = _get_names(p, star_etc->kwonlyargs);
    }
    else {
        *kwonlyargs = _Py_asdl_arg_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    }

    if (*kwonlyargs == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (star_etc != NULL && star_etc->kwonlyargs != NULL) {
        *kwdefaults = _get_defaults(p, star_etc->kwonlyargs);
    }
    else {
        *kwdefaults = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    }

    if (*kwdefaults == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Constructs an arguments_ty object out of all the parsed constructs in the parameters rule */
arguments_ty
_PyPegen_make_arguments(Parser *p, asdl_arg_seq *slash_without_default,
                        SlashWithDefault *slash_with_default, asdl_arg_seq *plain_names,
                        asdl_seq *names_with_default, StarEtc *star_etc)
{
    asdl_arg_seq *posonlyargs;
    if (_make_posonlyargs(p, slash_without_default, slash_with_default, &posonlyargs) == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }

    asdl_arg_seq *posargs;
    if (_make_posargs(p, plain_names, names_with_default, &posargs) == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }

    asdl_expr_seq *posdefaults;
    if (_make_posdefaults(p,slash_with_default, names_with_default, &posdefaults) == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }

    arg_ty vararg = NULL;
    if (star_etc != NULL && star_etc->vararg != NULL) {
        vararg = star_etc->vararg;
    }

    asdl_arg_seq *kwonlyargs;
    asdl_expr_seq *kwdefaults;
    if (_make_kwargs(p, star_etc, &kwonlyargs, &kwdefaults) == -1) {
        return NULL;
    }

    arg_ty kwarg = NULL;
    if (star_etc != NULL && star_etc->kwarg != NULL) {
        kwarg = star_etc->kwarg;
    }

    return _PyAST_arguments(posonlyargs, posargs, vararg, kwonlyargs,
                            kwdefaults, kwarg, posdefaults, p->arena);
}


/* Constructs an empty arguments_ty object, that gets used when a function accepts no
 * arguments. */
arguments_ty
_PyPegen_empty_arguments(Parser *p)
{
    asdl_arg_seq *posonlyargs = _Py_asdl_arg_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    if (!posonlyargs) {
        return NULL;
    }
    asdl_arg_seq *posargs = _Py_asdl_arg_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    if (!posargs) {
        return NULL;
    }
    asdl_expr_seq *posdefaults = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    if (!posdefaults) {
        return NULL;
    }
    asdl_arg_seq *kwonlyargs = _Py_asdl_arg_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    if (!kwonlyargs) {
        return NULL;
    }
    asdl_expr_seq *kwdefaults = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(0, p->arena);
    if (!kwdefaults) {
        return NULL;
    }

    return _PyAST_arguments(posonlyargs, posargs, NULL, kwonlyargs,
                            kwdefaults, NULL, posdefaults, p->arena);
}

/* Encapsulates the value of an operator_ty into an AugOperator struct */
AugOperator *
_PyPegen_augoperator(Parser *p, operator_ty kind)
{
    AugOperator *a = _PyArena_Malloc(p->arena, sizeof(AugOperator));
    if (!a) {
        return NULL;
    }
    a->kind = kind;
    return a;
}

/* Construct a FunctionDef equivalent to function_def, but with decorators */
stmt_ty
_PyPegen_function_def_decorators(Parser *p, asdl_expr_seq *decorators, stmt_ty function_def)
{
    assert(function_def != NULL);
    if (function_def->kind == AsyncFunctionDef_kind) {
        return _PyAST_AsyncFunctionDef(
            function_def->v.FunctionDef.name, function_def->v.FunctionDef.args,
            function_def->v.FunctionDef.body, decorators, function_def->v.FunctionDef.returns,
            function_def->v.FunctionDef.type_comment, function_def->lineno,
            function_def->col_offset, function_def->end_lineno, function_def->end_col_offset,
            p->arena);
    }

    return _PyAST_FunctionDef(
        function_def->v.FunctionDef.name, function_def->v.FunctionDef.args,
        function_def->v.FunctionDef.body, decorators,
        function_def->v.FunctionDef.returns,
        function_def->v.FunctionDef.type_comment, function_def->lineno,
        function_def->col_offset, function_def->end_lineno,
        function_def->end_col_offset, p->arena);
}

/* Construct a ClassDef equivalent to class_def, but with decorators */
stmt_ty
_PyPegen_class_def_decorators(Parser *p, asdl_expr_seq *decorators, stmt_ty class_def)
{
    assert(class_def != NULL);
    return _PyAST_ClassDef(
        class_def->v.ClassDef.name, class_def->v.ClassDef.bases,
        class_def->v.ClassDef.keywords, class_def->v.ClassDef.body, decorators,
        class_def->lineno, class_def->col_offset, class_def->end_lineno,
        class_def->end_col_offset, p->arena);
}

/* Construct a KeywordOrStarred */
KeywordOrStarred *
_PyPegen_keyword_or_starred(Parser *p, void *element, int is_keyword)
{
    KeywordOrStarred *a = _PyArena_Malloc(p->arena, sizeof(KeywordOrStarred));
    if (!a) {
        return NULL;
    }
    a->element = element;
    a->is_keyword = is_keyword;
    return a;
}

/* Get the number of starred expressions in an asdl_seq* of KeywordOrStarred*s */
static int
_seq_number_of_starred_exprs(asdl_seq *seq)
{
    int n = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0, l = asdl_seq_LEN(seq); i < l; i++) {
        KeywordOrStarred *k = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(seq, i);
        if (!k->is_keyword) {
            n++;
        }
    }
    return n;
}

/* Extract the starred expressions of an asdl_seq* of KeywordOrStarred*s */
asdl_expr_seq *
_PyPegen_seq_extract_starred_exprs(Parser *p, asdl_seq *kwargs)
{
    int new_len = _seq_number_of_starred_exprs(kwargs);
    if (new_len == 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    asdl_expr_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(new_len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }

    int idx = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0, len = asdl_seq_LEN(kwargs); i < len; i++) {
        KeywordOrStarred *k = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(kwargs, i);
        if (!k->is_keyword) {
            asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, idx++, k->element);
        }
    }
    return new_seq;
}

/* Return a new asdl_seq* with only the keywords in kwargs */
asdl_keyword_seq*
_PyPegen_seq_delete_starred_exprs(Parser *p, asdl_seq *kwargs)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(kwargs);
    Py_ssize_t new_len = len - _seq_number_of_starred_exprs(kwargs);
    if (new_len == 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    asdl_keyword_seq *new_seq = _Py_asdl_keyword_seq_new(new_len, p->arena);
    if (!new_seq) {
        return NULL;
    }

    int idx = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        KeywordOrStarred *k = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(kwargs, i);
        if (k->is_keyword) {
            asdl_seq_SET(new_seq, idx++, k->element);
        }
    }
    return new_seq;
}

expr_ty
_PyPegen_concatenate_strings(Parser *p, asdl_seq *strings)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(strings);
    assert(len > 0);

    Token *first = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(strings, 0);
    Token *last = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(strings, len - 1);

    int bytesmode = 0;
    PyObject *bytes_str = NULL;

    FstringParser state;
    _PyPegen_FstringParser_Init(&state);

    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        Token *t = asdl_seq_GET_UNTYPED(strings, i);

        int this_bytesmode;
        int this_rawmode;
        PyObject *s;
        const char *fstr;
        Py_ssize_t fstrlen = -1;

        if (_PyPegen_parsestr(p, &this_bytesmode, &this_rawmode, &s, &fstr, &fstrlen, t) != 0) {
            goto error;
        }

        /* Check that we are not mixing bytes with unicode. */
        if (i != 0 && bytesmode != this_bytesmode) {
            RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR("cannot mix bytes and nonbytes literals");
            Py_XDECREF(s);
            goto error;
        }
        bytesmode = this_bytesmode;

        if (fstr != NULL) {
            assert(s == NULL && !bytesmode);

            int result = _PyPegen_FstringParser_ConcatFstring(p, &state, &fstr, fstr + fstrlen,
                                                     this_rawmode, 0, first, t, last);
            if (result < 0) {
                goto error;
            }
        }
        else {
            /* String or byte string. */
            assert(s != NULL && fstr == NULL);
            assert(bytesmode ? PyBytes_CheckExact(s) : PyUnicode_CheckExact(s));

            if (bytesmode) {
                if (i == 0) {
                    bytes_str = s;
                }
                else {
                    PyBytes_ConcatAndDel(&bytes_str, s);
                    if (!bytes_str) {
                        goto error;
                    }
                }
            }
            else {
                /* This is a regular string. Concatenate it. */
                if (_PyPegen_FstringParser_ConcatAndDel(&state, s) < 0) {
                    goto error;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (bytesmode) {
        if (_PyArena_AddPyObject(p->arena, bytes_str) < 0) {
            goto error;
        }
        return _PyAST_Constant(bytes_str, NULL, first->lineno,
                               first->col_offset, last->end_lineno,
                               last->end_col_offset, p->arena);
    }

    return _PyPegen_FstringParser_Finish(p, &state, first, last);

error:
    Py_XDECREF(bytes_str);
    _PyPegen_FstringParser_Dealloc(&state);
    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        _Pypegen_raise_decode_error(p);
    }
    return NULL;
}

expr_ty
_PyPegen_ensure_imaginary(Parser *p, expr_ty exp)
{
    if (exp->kind != Constant_kind || !PyComplex_CheckExact(exp->v.Constant.value)) {
        RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_LOCATION(exp, "imaginary number required in complex literal");
        return NULL;
    }
    return exp;
}

expr_ty
_PyPegen_ensure_real(Parser *p, expr_ty exp)
{
    if (exp->kind != Constant_kind || PyComplex_CheckExact(exp->v.Constant.value)) {
        RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_LOCATION(exp, "real number required in complex literal");
        return NULL;
    }
    return exp;
}

mod_ty
_PyPegen_make_module(Parser *p, asdl_stmt_seq *a) {
    asdl_type_ignore_seq *type_ignores = NULL;
    Py_ssize_t num = p->type_ignore_comments.num_items;
    if (num > 0) {
        // Turn the raw (comment, lineno) pairs into TypeIgnore objects in the arena
        type_ignores = _Py_asdl_type_ignore_seq_new(num, p->arena);
        if (type_ignores == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
            PyObject *tag = _PyPegen_new_type_comment(p, p->type_ignore_comments.items[i].comment);
            if (tag == NULL) {
                return NULL;
            }
            type_ignore_ty ti = _PyAST_TypeIgnore(p->type_ignore_comments.items[i].lineno,
                                                  tag, p->arena);
            if (ti == NULL) {
                return NULL;
            }
            asdl_seq_SET(type_ignores, i, ti);
        }
    }
    return _PyAST_Module(a, type_ignores, p->arena);
}

PyObject *
_PyPegen_new_type_comment(Parser *p, const char *s)
{
    PyObject *res = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(s, strlen(s), NULL);
    if (res == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (_PyArena_AddPyObject(p->arena, res) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return NULL;
    }
    return res;
}

arg_ty
_PyPegen_add_type_comment_to_arg(Parser *p, arg_ty a, Token *tc)
{
    if (tc == NULL) {
        return a;
    }
    const char *bytes = PyBytes_AsString(tc->bytes);
    if (bytes == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *tco = _PyPegen_new_type_comment(p, bytes);
    if (tco == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return _PyAST_arg(a->arg, a->annotation, tco,
                      a->lineno, a->col_offset, a->end_lineno, a->end_col_offset,
                      p->arena);
}

/* Checks if the NOTEQUAL token is valid given the current parser flags
0 indicates success and nonzero indicates failure (an exception may be set) */
int
_PyPegen_check_barry_as_flufl(Parser *p, Token* t) {
    assert(t->bytes != NULL);
    assert(t->type == NOTEQUAL);

    const char* tok_str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(t->bytes);
    if (p->flags & PyPARSE_BARRY_AS_BDFL && strcmp(tok_str, "<>") != 0) {
        RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR("with Barry as BDFL, use '<>' instead of '!='");
        return -1;
    }
    if (!(p->flags & PyPARSE_BARRY_AS_BDFL)) {
        return strcmp(tok_str, "!=");
    }
    return 0;
}

int
_PyPegen_check_legacy_stmt(Parser *p, expr_ty name) {
    if (name->kind != Name_kind) {
        return 0;
    }
    const char* candidates[2] = {"print", "exec"};
    for (int i=0; i<2; i++) {
        if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(name->v.Name.id, candidates[i]) == 0) {
            return 1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

const char *
_PyPegen_get_expr_name(expr_ty e)
{
    assert(e != NULL);
    switch (e->kind) {
        case Attribute_kind:
            return "attribute";
        case Subscript_kind:
            return "subscript";
        case Starred_kind:
            return "starred";
        case Name_kind:
            return "name";
        case List_kind:
            return "list";
        case Tuple_kind:
            return "tuple";
        case Lambda_kind:
            return "lambda";
        case Call_kind:
            return "function call";
        case BoolOp_kind:
        case BinOp_kind:
        case UnaryOp_kind:
            return "expression";
        case GeneratorExp_kind:
            return "generator expression";
        case Yield_kind:
        case YieldFrom_kind:
            return "yield expression";
        case Await_kind:
            return "await expression";
        case ListComp_kind:
            return "list comprehension";
        case SetComp_kind:
            return "set comprehension";
        case DictComp_kind:
            return "dict comprehension";
        case Dict_kind:
            return "dict literal";
        case Set_kind:
            return "set display";
        case JoinedStr_kind:
        case FormattedValue_kind:
            return "f-string expression";
        case Constant_kind: {
            PyObject *value = e->v.Constant.value;
            if (value == Py_None) {
                return "None";
            }
            if (value == Py_False) {
                return "False";
            }
            if (value == Py_True) {
                return "True";
            }
            if (value == Py_Ellipsis) {
                return "ellipsis";
            }
            return "literal";
        }
        case Compare_kind:
            return "comparison";
        case IfExp_kind:
            return "conditional expression";
        case NamedExpr_kind:
            return "named expression";
        default:
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                         "unexpected expression in assignment %d (line %d)",
                         e->kind, e->lineno);
            return NULL;
    }
}

static inline expr_ty
_PyPegen_get_last_comprehension_item(comprehension_ty comprehension) {
    if (comprehension->ifs == NULL || asdl_seq_LEN(comprehension->ifs) == 0) {
        return comprehension->iter;
    }
    return PyPegen_last_item(comprehension->ifs, expr_ty);
}

expr_ty _PyPegen_collect_call_seqs(Parser *p, asdl_expr_seq *a, asdl_seq *b,
                     int lineno, int col_offset, int end_lineno,
                     int end_col_offset, PyArena *arena) {
    Py_ssize_t args_len = asdl_seq_LEN(a);
    Py_ssize_t total_len = args_len;

    if (b == NULL) {
        return _PyAST_Call(_PyPegen_dummy_name(p), a, NULL, lineno, col_offset,
                        end_lineno, end_col_offset, arena);

    }

    asdl_expr_seq *starreds = _PyPegen_seq_extract_starred_exprs(p, b);
    asdl_keyword_seq *keywords = _PyPegen_seq_delete_starred_exprs(p, b);

    if (starreds) {
        total_len += asdl_seq_LEN(starreds);
    }

    asdl_expr_seq *args = _Py_asdl_expr_seq_new(total_len, arena);

    Py_ssize_t i = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < args_len; i++) {
        asdl_seq_SET(args, i, asdl_seq_GET(a, i));
    }
    for (; i < total_len; i++) {
        asdl_seq_SET(args, i, asdl_seq_GET(starreds, i - args_len));
    }

    return _PyAST_Call(_PyPegen_dummy_name(p), args, keywords, lineno,
                       col_offset, end_lineno, end_col_offset, arena);
}

// AST Error reporting helpers

expr_ty
_PyPegen_get_invalid_target(expr_ty e, TARGETS_TYPE targets_type)
{
    if (e == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

#define VISIT_CONTAINER(CONTAINER, TYPE) do { \
        Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN((CONTAINER)->v.TYPE.elts);\
        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {\
            expr_ty other = asdl_seq_GET((CONTAINER)->v.TYPE.elts, i);\
            expr_ty child = _PyPegen_get_invalid_target(other, targets_type);\
            if (child != NULL) {\
                return child;\
            }\
        }\
    } while (0)

    // We only need to visit List and Tuple nodes recursively as those
    // are the only ones that can contain valid names in targets when
    // they are parsed as expressions. Any other kind of expression
    // that is a container (like Sets or Dicts) is directly invalid and
    // we don't need to visit it recursively.

    switch (e->kind) {
        case List_kind:
            VISIT_CONTAINER(e, List);
            return NULL;
        case Tuple_kind:
            VISIT_CONTAINER(e, Tuple);
            return NULL;
        case Starred_kind:
            if (targets_type == DEL_TARGETS) {
                return e;
            }
            return _PyPegen_get_invalid_target(e->v.Starred.value, targets_type);
        case Compare_kind:
            // This is needed, because the `a in b` in `for a in b` gets parsed
            // as a comparison, and so we need to search the left side of the comparison
            // for invalid targets.
            if (targets_type == FOR_TARGETS) {
                cmpop_ty cmpop = (cmpop_ty) asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Compare.ops, 0);
                if (cmpop == In) {
                    return _PyPegen_get_invalid_target(e->v.Compare.left, targets_type);
                }
                return NULL;
            }
            return e;
        case Name_kind:
        case Subscript_kind:
        case Attribute_kind:
            return NULL;
        default:
            return e;
    }
}

void *_PyPegen_arguments_parsing_error(Parser *p, expr_ty e) {
    int kwarg_unpacking = 0;
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0, l = asdl_seq_LEN(e->v.Call.keywords); i < l; i++) {
        keyword_ty keyword = asdl_seq_GET(e->v.Call.keywords, i);
        if (!keyword->arg) {
            kwarg_unpacking = 1;
        }
    }

    const char *msg = NULL;
    if (kwarg_unpacking) {
        msg = "positional argument follows keyword argument unpacking";
    } else {
        msg = "positional argument follows keyword argument";
    }

    return RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR(msg);
}

void *
_PyPegen_nonparen_genexp_in_call(Parser *p, expr_ty args, asdl_comprehension_seq *comprehensions)
{
    /* The rule that calls this function is 'args for_if_clauses'.
       For the input f(L, x for x in y), L and x are in args and
       the for is parsed as a for_if_clause. We have to check if
       len <= 1, so that input like dict((a, b) for a, b in x)
       gets successfully parsed and then we pass the last
       argument (x in the above example) as the location of the
       error */
    Py_ssize_t len = asdl_seq_LEN(args->v.Call.args);
    if (len <= 1) {
        return NULL;
    }

    comprehension_ty last_comprehension = PyPegen_last_item(comprehensions, comprehension_ty);

    return RAISE_SYNTAX_ERROR_KNOWN_RANGE(
        (expr_ty) asdl_seq_GET(args->v.Call.args, len - 1),
        _PyPegen_get_last_comprehension_item(last_comprehension),
        "Generator expression must be parenthesized"
    );
}