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docs/advanced-analytics/install/sql-machine-learning-services-windows-install.md

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R developers can get started with some simple examples, and learn the basics of how R works with SQL Server. For your next step, see the following links:
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../tutorials/rtsql-using-r-code-in-transact-sql-quickstart.md)
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../tutorials/quickstart-r-create-script.md)
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+ [Tutorial: In-database analytics for R developers](../tutorials/sqldev-in-database-r-for-sql-developers.md)
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Python developers can learn how to use Python with SQL Server by following these tutorials:

docs/advanced-analytics/install/sql-machine-learning-standalone-windows-install.md

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@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ A development IDE is not installed as part of setup. For more information about
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R developers can get started with some simple examples, and learn the basics of how R works with SQL Server. For your next step, see the following links:
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../tutorials/rtsql-using-r-code-in-transact-sql-quickstart.md)
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../tutorials/quickstart-r-create-script.md)
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+ [Tutorial: In-database analytics for R developers](../tutorials/sqldev-in-database-r-for-sql-developers.md)
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::: moniker range=">=sql-server-2017||=sqlallproducts-allversions"

docs/advanced-analytics/install/sql-ml-component-commandline-install.md

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@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ To check the installation status of the instance and fix common issues, try thes
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R developers can get started with some simple examples, and learn the basics of how R works with SQL Server. For your next step, see the following links:
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../tutorials/rtsql-using-r-code-in-transact-sql-quickstart.md)
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../tutorials/quickstart-r-create-script.md)
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+ [Tutorial: In-database analytics for R developers](../tutorials/sqldev-in-database-r-for-sql-developers.md)
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Python developers can learn how to use Python with SQL Server by following these tutorials:

docs/advanced-analytics/install/sql-r-services-windows-install.md

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@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ The process for installing and managing R packages is different in SQL Server 20
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R developers can get started with some simple examples, and learn the basics of how R works with SQL Server. For your next step, see the following links:
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../tutorials/rtsql-using-r-code-in-transact-sql-quickstart.md)
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../tutorials/quickstart-r-create-script.md)
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+ [Tutorial: In-database analytics for R developers](../tutorials/sqldev-in-database-r-for-sql-developers.md)
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To view examples of machine learning that are based on real-world scenarios, see [Machine learning tutorials](../tutorials/machine-learning-services-tutorials.md).

docs/advanced-analytics/r/how-to-do-realtime-scoring.md

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**Using SQL**
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From SQL code, you can train the model using [sp_execute_external_script](https://docs.microsoft.com//sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/sp-execute-external-script-transact-sql), and directly insert the trained models into a table, in a column of type **varbinary(max)**. For a simple example, see [Create a preditive model in R](../tutorials/rtsql-create-a-predictive-model-r.md)
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From SQL code, you can train the model using [sp_execute_external_script](https://docs.microsoft.com//sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/sp-execute-external-script-transact-sql), and directly insert the trained models into a table, in a column of type **varbinary(max)**. For a simple example, see [Create a preditive model in R](../tutorials/quickstart-r-train-score-model.md)
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**Using R**
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docs/advanced-analytics/r/r-and-data-optimization-r-services.md

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If the R script can be parallelized, and if the SQL query can be parallelized, then the database engine creates multiple parallel processes. The maximum number of processes that can be created is equal to the **max degree of parallelism** (MAXDOP) setting for the instance. All processes then run the same script, but receive only a portion of the data.
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Thus, this method is not useful with scripts that must see all the data, such as when training a model. However, it is useful when performing tasks such as batch prediction in parallel. For more information on using parallelism with `sp_execute_external_script`, see the **Advanced tips: parallel processing** section of [Using R Code in Transact-SQL](../tutorials/rtsql-using-r-code-in-transact-sql-quickstart.md).
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Thus, this method is not useful with scripts that must see all the data, such as when training a model. However, it is useful when performing tasks such as batch prediction in parallel. For more information on using parallelism with `sp_execute_external_script`, see the **Advanced tips: parallel processing** section of [Using R Code in Transact-SQL](../tutorials/quickstart-r-create-script.md).
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- **Use numTasks =1.** When using **rx** functions in a SQL Server compute context, set the value of the _numTasks_ parameter to the number of processes that you would like to create. The number of processes created can never be more than **MAXDOP**; however, the actual number of processes created is determined by the database engine and may be less than you requested.
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docs/linux/sql-server-linux-setup-machine-learning.md

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R developers can get started with some simple examples, and learn the basics of how R works with SQL Server. For your next step, see the following links:
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../advanced-analytics/tutorials/rtsql-using-r-code-in-transact-sql-quickstart.md)
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+ [Tutorial: Run R in T-SQL](../advanced-analytics/tutorials/quickstart-r-create-script.md)
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+ [Tutorial: In-database analytics for R developers](../advanced-analytics/tutorials/sqldev-in-database-r-for-sql-developers.md)
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Python developers can learn how to use Python with SQL Server by following these tutorials:

docs/relational-databases/databases/database-identifiers.md

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monikerRange: ">=aps-pdw-2016||=azuresqldb-current||=azure-sqldw-latest||>=sql-server-2016||=sqlallproducts-allversions||>=sql-server-linux-2017||=azuresqldb-mi-current"
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---
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# Database Identifiers
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[!INCLUDE[appliesto-ss-asdb-asdw-pdw-md](../../includes/appliesto-ss-asdb-asdw-pdw-md.md)]
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The database object name is referred to as its identifier. Everything in [!INCLUDE[msCoName](../../includes/msconame-md.md)] [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)] can have an identifier. Servers, databases, and database objects, such as tables, views, columns, indexes, triggers, procedures, constraints, and rules, can have identifiers. Identifiers are required for most objects, but are optional for some objects such as constraints.
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An object identifier is created when the object is defined. The identifier is then used to reference the object. For example, the following statement creates a table with the identifier `TableX`, and two columns with the identifiers `KeyCol` and `Description`:
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```
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CREATE TABLE TableX
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(KeyCol INT PRIMARY KEY, Description nvarchar(80))
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```
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This table also has an unnamed constraint. The `PRIMARY KEY` constraint has no identifier.
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The collation of an identifier depends on the level at which it is defined. Identifiers of instance-level objects, such as logins and database names, are assigned the default collation of the instance. Identifiers of objects in a database, such as tables, views, and column names, are assigned the default collation of the database. For example, two tables with names that differ only in case can be created in a database that has case-sensitive collation, but cannot be created in a database that has case-insensitive collation.
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The database object name is referred to as its identifier. Everything in [!INCLUDE[msCoName](../../includes/msconame-md.md)] [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)] can have an identifier. Servers, databases, and database objects, such as tables, views, columns, indexes, triggers, procedures, constraints, and rules, can have identifiers. Identifiers are required for most objects, but are optional for some objects such as constraints.
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An object identifier is created when the object is defined. The identifier is then used to reference the object. For example, the following statement creates a table with the identifier `TableX`, and two columns with the identifiers `KeyCol` and `Description`:
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```sql
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CREATE TABLE TableX
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(KeyCol INT PRIMARY KEY, Description nvarchar(80))
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```
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This table also has an unnamed constraint. The `PRIMARY KEY` constraint has no identifier.
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The collation of an identifier depends on the level at which it is defined. Identifiers of instance-level objects, such as logins and database names, are assigned the default collation of the instance. Identifiers of objects in a database, such as tables, views, and column names, are assigned the default collation of the database. For example, two tables with names that differ only in case can be created in a database that has case-sensitive collation, but cannot be created in a database that has case-insensitive collation.
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> [!NOTE]
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> The names of variables, or the parameters of functions and stored procedures must comply with the rules for [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] identifiers.
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## Classes of Identifiers
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There are two classes of identifiers:
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Regular identifiers
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Comply with the rules for the format of identifiers. Regular identifiers are not delimited when they are used in [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] statements.
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```
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SELECT *
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FROM TableX
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WHERE KeyCol = 124
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```
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Delimited identifiers
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Are enclosed in double quotation marks (") or brackets ([ ]). Identifiers that comply with the rules for the format of identifiers might not be delimited. For example:
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```
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SELECT *
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FROM [TableX] --Delimiter is optional.
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WHERE [KeyCol] = 124 --Delimiter is optional.
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```
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Identifiers that do not comply with all the rules for identifiers must be delimited in a [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] statement. For example:
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```
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SELECT *
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FROM [My Table] --Identifier contains a space and uses a reserved keyword.
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WHERE [order] = 10 --Identifier is a reserved keyword.
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```
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Both regular and delimited identifiers must contain from 1 through 128 characters. For local temporary tables, the identifier can have a maximum of 116 characters.
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## Rules for Regular Identifiers
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The names of variables, functions, and stored procedures must comply with the following rules for [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] identifiers.
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1. The first character must be one of the following:
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- A letter as defined by the Unicode Standard 3.2. The Unicode definition of letters includes Latin characters from a through z, from A through Z, and also letter characters from other languages.
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- The underscore (_), at sign (@), or number sign (#).
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Certain symbols at the beginning of an identifier have special meaning in [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)]. A regular identifier that starts with the at sign always denotes a local variable or parameter and cannot be used as the name of any other type of object. An identifier that starts with a number sign denotes a temporary table or procedure. An identifier that starts with double number signs (##) denotes a global temporary object. Although the number sign or double number sign characters can be used to begin the names of other types of objects, we do not recommend this practice.
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Some [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] functions have names that start with double at signs (@@). To avoid confusion with these functions, you should not use names that start with @@.
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2. Subsequent characters can include the following:
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- Letters as defined in the Unicode Standard 3.2.
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- Decimal numbers from either Basic Latin or other national scripts.
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- The at sign, dollar sign ($), number sign, or underscore.
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3. The identifier must not be a [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] reserved word. [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)] reserves both the uppercase and lowercase versions of reserved words. When identifiers are used in [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] statements, the identifiers that do not comply with these rules must be delimited by double quotation marks or brackets. The words that are reserved depend on the database compatibility level. This level can be set by using the [ALTER DATABASE](../../t-sql/statements/alter-database-transact-sql-compatibility-level.md) statement.
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4. Embedded spaces or special characters are not allowed.
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5. Supplementary characters are not allowed.
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When identifiers are used in [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] statements, the identifiers that do not comply with these rules must be delimited by double quotation marks or brackets.
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> [!NOTE]
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> Some rules for the format of regular identifiers depend on the database compatibility level. This level can be set by using [ALTER DATABASE](../../t-sql/statements/alter-database-transact-sql-compatibility-level.md).
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## See Also
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[ALTER TABLE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/alter-table-transact-sql.md)
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[CREATE DATABASE (SQL Server Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-database-sql-server-transact-sql.md)
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[CREATE DEFAULT (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-default-transact-sql.md)
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[CREATE PROCEDURE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-procedure-transact-sql.md)
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[CREATE RULE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-rule-transact-sql.md)
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[CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-table-transact-sql.md)
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[CREATE TRIGGER (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-trigger-transact-sql.md)
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[CREATE VIEW (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-view-transact-sql.md)
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[DECLARE @local_variable (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/language-elements/declare-local-variable-transact-sql.md)
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[DELETE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/delete-transact-sql.md)
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[INSERT (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/insert-transact-sql.md)
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[Reserved Keywords (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/language-elements/reserved-keywords-transact-sql.md)
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[SELECT (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/queries/select-transact-sql.md)
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[UPDATE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/queries/update-transact-sql.md)
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> The names of variables, or the parameters of functions and stored procedures must comply with the rules for [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] identifiers.
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## Classes of Identifiers
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There are two classes of identifiers:
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Regular identifiers
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Comply with the rules for the format of identifiers. Regular identifiers are not delimited when they are used in [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] statements.
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```sql
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SELECT *
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FROM TableX
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WHERE KeyCol = 124
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```
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Delimited identifiers
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Are enclosed in double quotation marks (") or brackets ([ ]). Identifiers that comply with the rules for the format of identifiers might not be delimited. For example:
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```sql
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SELECT *
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FROM [TableX] --Delimiter is optional.
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WHERE [KeyCol] = 124 --Delimiter is optional.
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```
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Identifiers that do not comply with all the rules for identifiers must be delimited in a [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] statement. For example:
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```sql
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SELECT *
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FROM [My Table] --Identifier contains a space and uses a reserved keyword.
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WHERE [order] = 10 --Identifier is a reserved keyword.
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```
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Both regular and delimited identifiers must contain from 1 through 128 characters. For local temporary tables, the identifier can have a maximum of 116 characters.
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## Rules for Regular Identifiers
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The names of variables, functions, and stored procedures must comply with the following rules for [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] identifiers.
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1. The first character must be one of the following:
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- A letter as defined by the Unicode Standard 3.2. The Unicode definition of letters includes Latin characters from a through z, from A through Z, and also letter characters from other languages.
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- The underscore (_), at sign (@), or number sign (#).
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Certain symbols at the beginning of an identifier have special meaning in [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)]. A regular identifier that starts with the at sign always denotes a local variable or parameter and cannot be used as the name of any other type of object. An identifier that starts with a number sign denotes a temporary table or procedure. An identifier that starts with double number signs (##) denotes a global temporary object. Although the number sign or double number sign characters can be used to begin the names of other types of objects, we do not recommend this practice.
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Some [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] functions have names that start with double at signs (@@). To avoid confusion with these functions, you should not use names that start with @@.
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2. Subsequent characters can include the following:
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- Letters as defined in the Unicode Standard 3.2.
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- Decimal numbers from either Basic Latin or other national scripts.
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- The at sign, dollar sign ($), number sign, or underscore.
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3. The identifier must not be a [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] reserved word. [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)] reserves both the uppercase and lowercase versions of reserved words. When identifiers are used in [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] statements, the identifiers that do not comply with these rules must be delimited by double quotation marks or brackets. The words that are reserved depend on the database compatibility level. This level can be set by using the [ALTER DATABASE](../../t-sql/statements/alter-database-transact-sql-compatibility-level.md) statement.
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4. Embedded spaces or special characters are not allowed.
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5. Supplementary characters are not allowed.
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When identifiers are used in [!INCLUDE[tsql](../../includes/tsql-md.md)] statements, the identifiers that do not comply with these rules must be delimited by double quotation marks or brackets.
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> [!NOTE]
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> Some rules for the format of regular identifiers depend on the database compatibility level. This level can be set by using [ALTER DATABASE](../../t-sql/statements/alter-database-transact-sql-compatibility-level.md).
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## See Also
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- [ALTER TABLE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/alter-table-transact-sql.md)
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- [CREATE DATABASE (SQL Server Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-database-sql-server-transact-sql.md)
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- [CREATE DEFAULT (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-default-transact-sql.md)
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- [CREATE PROCEDURE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-procedure-transact-sql.md)
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- [CREATE RULE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-rule-transact-sql.md)
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- [CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-table-transact-sql.md)
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- [CREATE TRIGGER (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-trigger-transact-sql.md)
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- [CREATE VIEW (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-view-transact-sql.md)
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- [DECLARE @local_variable (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/language-elements/declare-local-variable-transact-sql.md)
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- [DELETE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/delete-transact-sql.md)
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- [INSERT (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/insert-transact-sql.md)
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- [Reserved Keywords (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/language-elements/reserved-keywords-transact-sql.md)
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- [SELECT (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/queries/select-transact-sql.md)
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- [UPDATE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/queries/update-transact-sql.md)

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