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PFLD: A Practical Facial Landmark Detector
[article]
2019
arXiv
pre-print
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Being accurate, efficient, and compact is essential to a facial landmark detector for practical use. ...
We have made our practical system based on PFLD 0.25X model publicly available at for encouraging comparisons and improvements from the community. ...
This paper proposed a practical facial landmark detector, termed as PFLD, which consists of two subnets, i.e. the backbone network and the auxiliary network. ...
arXiv:1902.10859v2
fatcat:ofqjv44ivfajtkoeug7ew4hbmi
Real-Time Eye Tracking for Bare and Sunglasses-wearing Faces for Augmented Reality 3D Head-Up Displays
2021
IEEE Access
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To tackle such cases, we use non-occluded areas to infer the pupil center with a revised Practical Facial Landmark Detector (PFLD) network [13] . ...
Our proposed detector is simple and practical requiring only a CPU in AR 3D HUD systems, which adopt commercial vehicle-embedded computing boards with limited GPU resources. ...
doi:10.1109/access.2021.3110644
fatcat:hresfwg3sndvpdahsscqtj2r6a
Fast Facial Landmark Detection and Applications: A Survey
[article]
2021
arXiv
pre-print
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In this paper we survey and analyze modern neural-network-based facial landmark detection algorithms. ...
We focus on approaches that have led to a significant increase in quality over the past few years on datasets with large pose and emotion variability, high levels of face occlusions - all of which are ...
Practical Facial Landmark Detector (PFLD) [22] outperforms many of the algorithms on NME metric on 300W and AFLW datasets. ...
arXiv:2101.10808v2
fatcat:57wjrlzuj5btvnuuqwiabtcoea
Driver Eye Location and State Estimation Based on a Robust Model and Data Augmentation
2021
IEEE Access
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In this paper, we proposed a robust facial landmark location model for eye location and state evaluation. ...
With the outbreak of COVID-19, many proposed models for eye location and state evaluation based on facial landmarks are unreliable due to mask coverings. ...
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks to the open-source dataset, 106 face landmarks for providing data. https://github.com/JA-CKYLUO1991/106-landmarks-dataset. ...
doi:10.1109/access.2021.3076365
fatcat:4xmzbk3harfelnvz7bsufsabke
Facial Landmark Detection Using Generative Adversarial Network Combined with Autoencoder for Occlusion
2020
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
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Deep regression networks are used to learn a nonlinear mapping from facial appearance to facial shape. ...
In this paper, we present an effective framework with the objective of addressing the occlusion problem for facial landmark detection, which includes a generative adversarial network with improved autoencoders ...
To be specific, the deep regression network is replaced with a practical facial landmark detector, denoted as PFLD [24] , which is an accurate, efficient, and compact facial landmark detector but is not ...
doi:10.1155/2020/4589260
fatcat:dl72cim6djgp3dhyt6es3j4xb4
Fatigue Driving Recognition Method Based on Multi-Scale Facial Landmark Detector
2022
Electronics
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The facial landmark detector is crucial to fatigue driving recognition. ...
To maximize the driver's facial feature information and temporal characteristics, a fatigue driving behavior recognition method based on a multi-scale facial landmark detector (MSFLD) is proposed. ...
PFLD [19] : PFLD is a practical facial landmark detector, which consists of two sub subnets, i.e., the backbone network and the auxiliary network. ...
doi:10.3390/electronics11244103
fatcat:r3kwkz63t5b7hlerzyk7nalyvy
Train Driver Fatigue Detection Using Eye Feature Vector and Support Vector Machine
2022
North atlantic university union: International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing
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Firstly, the coordinates of the eye region were localized with facial landmarks detector and the landmarks geometric relation (LGR) was calculated as a feature value. ...
In order to improve the accuracy and robustness of detection based on a single eye feature, we propose a fatigue detection algorithm based on the eye feature (EFV) vector. ...
Then a Practical Facial Landmark Detector (PFLD) [30] is employed to extract the fine features of facial landmarks from the detected face images, which contains the 106 facial landmarks coordinate information ...
doi:10.46300/9106.2022.16.123
fatcat:72uvigujk5hwlo727aysq7mvjm
Py-Feat: Python Facial Expression Analysis Toolbox
[article]
2023
arXiv
pre-print
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2023 pre-print arXiv:2104.03509v3 fatcat:zruqmczhl5annakwff2hjoy63yOther Versions
Studying facial expressions is a notoriously difficult endeavor. ...
Furthermore, there is a notable absence of user-friendly and open-source software that provides a comprehensive set of tools and functions that support facial expression research. ...
Facial Landmark Detector (PFLD) 71 , MobileNets 72 , and MobileFaceNets 73 algorithms. ...
arXiv:2104.03509v4
fatcat:q3m5fh3oqfgpdfzbg4wyi477va
A Novel Driver Abnormal Behavior Recognition and Analysis Strategy and Its Application in a Practical Vehicle
2022
Symmetry
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In this work, a novel driver abnormal behavior analysis system based on practical facial landmark detection (PFLD) and you only look once version 5 (YOLOv5) were developed to solve the recognition and ...
Specifically, the abnormal driver behavior caused by natural behavioral factors was identified by a PFLD neural network model based on facial key point detection, and the abnormal driver behavior caused ...
PFLD neural network model based on the detection of facial features. ...
doi:10.3390/sym14101956
fatcat:p6vu4kkru5f3llqi5rgjeasofu
Autostereoscopic 3D Display System for 3D Medical Images
2022
Applied Sciences
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The proposed method uses a slit-barrier with a backlight unit, which is combined with an eye tracking method that exploits multiple machine learning techniques to display 3D images. ...
This paper proposes a novel glasses-free 3D autostereoscopic display system based on an eye tracking algorithm and explores its viability as a 3D navigator for cardiac computed tomography (CT) images. ...
For eye occluded faces due to wearing thick eyeglasses, sunglasses, and hair occlusion, we adopted a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based facial keypoint alignment method, the Practical Facial Landmark ...
doi:10.3390/app12094288
fatcat:64saliddhna4znhghcv3nzg37i
Face Recognition and Tracking Framework for Human–Robot Interaction
2022
Applied Sciences
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In this paper, we present a robust face recognition and tracking framework in unconstrained settings. ...
In addition, we implemented our system as a modular ROS package that makes it straightforward for integration in different real-world HRI systems. ...
For the face landmarks and alignment task, we use a deep CNN-based network by utilizing a practical facial landmark detector (PFLD) by Gue et al. [29] . ...
doi:10.3390/app12115568
fatcat:2piyjsheczhs5i5hxqvkxu3inq
Low-Complexity Pupil Tracking for Sunglasses-Wearing Faces for Glasses-Free 3D HUDs
2021
Applied Sciences
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Performing real-time pupil localization and tracking is complicated by drivers wearing facial accessories such as masks, caps, or sunglasses. ...
Experiments showed that the proposed method achieved high accuracy and speed, with a precision error of <10 mm in <5 ms for bare and sunglasses-wearing faces for both a 2.5 GHz CPU and a commercial 2.0 ...
Moreover, when compared to state-of-the-art deep-learning-based methods such as the practical facial landmark detector (PFLD) [36] , which has a precision of 8 mm, our proposed method offers comparable ...
doi:10.3390/app11104366
fatcat:w63oyhkjqnclzelc4ycffroxgq
KPNet: Towards Minimal Face Detector
[article]
2020
arXiv
pre-print
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It first predicts the facial landmarks from a low-resolution image via the well-designed fine-grained scale approximation and scale adaptive soft-argmax operator. ...
Unlike most top-down methods for joint face detection and alignment, the proposed KPNet detects small facial keypoints instead of the whole face by in a bottom-up manner. ...
At the end of the backbone, the landmark response generation is used to generate a response map with dimension H × W × K where K is the number of facial keypoints. ...
arXiv:2003.07543v1
fatcat:llt34oskwbazhnche5bvdj2z4q
KPNet: Towards Minimal Face Detector
2020
PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTIETH AAAI CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE TWENTY-EIGHTH INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONFERENCE
Preserved Fulltext
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It first predicts the facial landmarks from a low-resolution image via the well-designed fine-grained scale approximation and scale adaptive soft-argmax operator. ...
The small receptive field and capacity of minimal neural networks limit their performance when using them to be the backbone of detectors. ...
It first predicts the facial landmarks from a low-resolution image via the well-designed fine-grained scale approximation and scale adaptive softargmax operator. ...
doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i07.6878
fatcat:pf54lhlczzfxvm7wyku4jzjgpe
Vision-based Estimation of Fatigue and Engagement in Cognitive Training Sessions
[article]
2023
arXiv
pre-print
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Here, we develop and validate a novel Recurrent Video Transformer (RVT) method for monitoring real-time mental fatigue in older adults with mild cognitive impairment from video-recorded facial gestures ...
There is a need for scalable, automated measures that can monitor mental fatigue during CCT. ...
(Practical Facial Landmark Detector) models [27] . ...
arXiv:2304.12470v3
fatcat:tiuji5nlyffxvojmnu4yqngvx4
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