@article{bari_agrawal_chatterjee_sen_2022, 
  title={Statistical Analysis Based Feature Selection Enhanced RF-PUF With >99.8% Accuracy on Unmodified Commodity Transmitters for IoT Physical Security}, 
  DOI={10.3389/felec.2022.856284}, 
  abstractNote={<jats:p>Due to the diverse and mobile nature of the deployment environment, smart commodity devices are vulnerable to various spoofing attacks which can allow a rogue device to get access to a large network. The vulnerability of the traditional digital signature-based authentication system lies in the fact that it uses only a key/pin, ignoring the device fingerprint. To circumvent the inherent weakness of the traditional system, various physical signature-based RF fingerprinting methods have been proposed in literature and RF-PUF is a promising choice among them. RF-PUF utilizes the inherent nonidealities of the traditional RF communication system as features at the receiver to uniquely identify a transmitter. It is resilient to key-hacking methods due to the absence of secret key requirements and does not require any additional circuitry on the transmitter end (no additional power, area, and computational burden). However, the concept of RF-PUF was proposed using MATLAB-generated data, which cannot ensure the presence of device entropy mapped to the system-level nonidealities. Hence, an experimental validation using commercial devices is necessary to prove its efficacy. In this work, for the first time, we analyze the effectiveness of RF-PUF on commodity devices, purchased off-the-shelf, without any modifications whatsoever. We have collected data from 30 Xbee S2C modules used as transmitters and released as a public dataset. A new feature has been engineered through PCA and statistical property analysis. With a new and robust feature set, it has been shown that 95% accuracy can be achieved using only ∼1.8 ms of test data fed into a neural network of 10 neurons in 1 layer, reaching <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m2"><mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo></mml:math></jats:inline-formula>99.8% accuracy with a network of higher model capacity, for the first time in literature without any assisting digital preamble. The design space has been explored in detail and the effect of the wireless channel has been investigated. The performance of some popular machine learning algorithms has been tested and compared with the neural network approach. A thorough investigation of various PUF properties has been done. With extensive testing of 41238000 cases, the detection probability for RF-PUF for our data is found to be 0.9987, which, for the first time, experimentally establishes RF-PUF as a strong authentication method. Finally, the potential attack models and the robustness of RF-PUF against them have been discussed.</jats:p>}, 
  publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, 
  author={Bari, Md Faizul and Agrawal, Parv and Chatterjee, Baibhab and Sen, Shreyas}, 
  year={2022}, 
  month={Apr}
  }